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Thulium


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Atomic symbol: Tm
Atomic number: 69
Atomic weight: 168.9342
Atomic volume: 18.1 cm3/mol
Density: 9.33 g/cm3
Period Number: 6
Group number: none
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1818.2 K
Boiling point: 2000 K
Heat of fusion: 16.840 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 191.0 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 6.184 eV
1st ionization energy: 596.7 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1163 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2544 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.25
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.16 J/gK
Heat atomization: 232 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,31,8,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 3
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 3


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: soft
Uses: alloys


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Tm2O3
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, TmCl3
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Tm(NO3)3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 1
Oxide(s): Tm2O3
Hydride(s): TmH2 TmH3
Chloride(s): TmCl2 TmCl3


Radius


Atomic Radius: 176 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 117 pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 102 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 16.9 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 13.5 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 21.8 A^3


Abundance


Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite
Relative abundance solar system: -1.423 log
Abundance earth's crust: -0.3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 5.2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 1.7×10-7 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia) Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium.


Properties


Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Twenty five isotopes are known, with atomic masses ranging from 152 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable.


Uses


Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable X-ray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment, and can be used for doping fiber lasers. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care.

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