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Terbium


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Atomic symbol: Tb
Atomic number: 65
Atomic weight: 158.9254
Atomic volume: 19.2 cm3/mol
Density: 8.27 g/cm3
Period Number: 6
Group number: none
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1633.2 K
Boiling point: 3073 K
Heat of fusion: 10.80 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 330.90 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 5.864 eV
1st ionization energy: 564.7 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1112 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2114 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.21
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.18 J/gK
Heat atomization: 389 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,27,8,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f9 6s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 4
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 3


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: soft
Uses: alloys


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Tb4O7 (approx.)
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, TbCl3
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Tb(NO3)3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 1
Oxide(s): TbO2 Tb4O7
Hydride(s): TbH2 TbH3
Chloride(s): TbCl3


Radius


Atomic Radius: 177 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 106.3 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 11.1 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 8.8 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 25.5 A^3


Abundance


Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite
Relative abundance solar system: -1.220 log
Abundance earth's crust: 0 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1.2 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 1.4×10-7 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Ytterby, a village in Sweden) Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or "rare earth" group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% or more of terbia.


Properties


Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 12890C. Twenty one isotopes with atomic masses ranging from 145 to 165 are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color.


Uses


Sodium terbium borate is used in solid-state devices. The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color TV tubes. It can be used with ZrO2 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found.

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