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Promethium


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Atomic symbol: Pm
Atomic number: 61
Atomic weight: (145)
Atomic volume: 22.39 cm33/mol
Density: 6.475 g/cm3
Period Number: 6
Group number: none
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1353.2 K
Boiling point: K
Heat of fusion: ?
Heat of vaporization: ?


Energies


Ionization Energy: 5.55 eV
1st ionization energy: 535.9 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1052 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2150 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.15
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.18 J/gK
Heat atomization: 301 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,23,8,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f5 6s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 3
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 3


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: cp: close packed (ABCB)
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: Radioactive
Uses: nuclear battery


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Pm2O3
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, PmCl3
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Pm(NO3)3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 0
Oxide(s): Pm2O3
Hydride(s): ?
Chloride(s): ?


Radius


Atomic Radius: 183 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 111 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 17.9 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 30.1 A^3


Abundance


Source: Synthetic
Relative abundance solar system: log
Abundance earth's crust: -19.3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: Not Applicable
Estimated oceanic abundance: Not Applicable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Gr. Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven) In 1902 Branner predicted the existence of an element between neodymium and samarium, and this was confirmed by Moseley in 1914. In 1941, workers at Ohio State University irradiated neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons, and alpha particles, and produced several new radioactivities, which most likely were those of element 61. Wu and Segre, and Bethe, in 1942, confirmed the formation; however, chemical proof of the production of element 61 was lacking because of the difficulty in separating the rare earths from each other at that time. In 1945, Marinsky, Glendenin, and Coryell made the first chemical identification by use of ion-exchange chromatography. Their work was done by fission of uranium and by neutron bombardment of neodymium.


Sources


Searches for the element on earth have been fruitless, and it now appears that promethium is completely missing from the earth's crust. Promethium, however, has been identified in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star's surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. Seventeen isotopes of promethium, with atomic masses from 134 to 155 are now known. Promethium-147, with a half-life of 2.6 years, is the most generally useful. Promethium-145 is the longest lived, and has a specific activity of 940 Ci/g.


Properties


It is a soft beta emitter; although no gamma rays are emitted, X-radiation can be generated when beta particles impinge on elements of a high atomic number, and great care must be taken in handling it. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow, due to their high radioactivity. Ion-exchange methods led to the preparation of about 10 g of promethium from atomic reactor fuel processing wastes in early 1963. Little is yet generally known about the properties of metallic promethium. Two allotropic modifications exist.


Uses


The element has applications as a beta source for thickness gages, and it can be absorbed by a phosphor to produce light. Light produced in this manner can be used for signs or signals that require dependable operation; it can be used as a nuclear-powered battery by capturing light in photocells which convert it into electric current. Such a battery, using 147Pm, would have a useful life of about 5 years. Promethium shows promise as a portable X-ray source, and it may become useful as a heat source to provide auxiliary power for space probes and satellites. More than 30 promethium compounds have been prepared. Most are colored.

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