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Palladium


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Atomic symbol: Pd
Atomic number: 46
Atomic weight: 106.4 8.9 cm3/mol
Atomic volume: 8.9 cm3/mol
Density: 12.02 g/cm3
Period Number: 5
Group number: 10
Group name: Trans. Met.
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1827.2 K
Boiling point: 3213 K
Heat of fusion: 17.60 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 357.0 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 8.337 eV
1st ionization energy: 804.7 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1894 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3177.2 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.2
Electron affinity: 53.7 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.24 J/gK
Heat atomization: 378 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,18
Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 4
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 4


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: 4.8 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: absorbs H2
Uses: catalysts, dental crowns


Reactions


Reaction with air: mild, w/ht, =>PdO
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Pd(NO3)2
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 6
Oxide(s): PdO
Hydride(s): PdHx x<1 non-stoich
Chloride(s): PdCl2


Radius


Atomic Radius: 137 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 100 pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 90 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 71.8 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 94.8 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 4.8 A^3


Abundance


Source: nickel ores (sulfides)
Relative abundance solar system: 0.143 log
Abundance earth's crust: -2 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: No Data Available
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


Palladium was named after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered at about the same time. Pallas was the Greek goddess of wisdom.


Sources


Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found.


Properties


The element is a steel-white metal, it does not tarnish in air, and it is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold-working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid.

At room temperatures, the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this is a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium, providing a means of purifying the gas.


Uses


Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades.

White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts.

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