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Germanium


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Atomic symbol: Ge
Atomic number: 32
Atomic weight: 72.59
Atomic volume: 13.6 cm3/mol
Density: 5.323 g/cm3
Period Number: 4
Group number: 14
Group name: Metal, Carbon group
Element classification: Semi-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1210.6 K
Boiling point: 3123 K
Heat of fusion: 36.940 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 330.90 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 7.900 eV
1st ionization energy: 762.1 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1537.4 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3301.7 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.01
Electron affinity: 120 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.32 J/gK
Heat atomization: 377 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,4
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Minimum oxidation number: -4
Maximum oxidation number: 4
Minimum common oxidation number: -4
Maximum common oxidation no: 4


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: diamond
Color: gray-black
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: semimetal, brittle
Uses: transistor, wide-ang lens


Reactions


Reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>GeO2
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Ge(IV), NOx
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 5
Oxide(s): GeO GeO2
Hydride(s): GeH4 Ge2H6 + more
Chloride(s): GeCl2 GeCl4


Radius


Atomic Radius: 122.3 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 87 pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 60.2 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 6.1 A^3


Abundance


Source: Zn smelting by-product
Relative abundance solar system: 2.076 log
Abundance earth's crust: 0.7 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1.5 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 5×10-5 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Latin Germania: Germany) Mendeleev predicted the existence of Germanium in 1871 as ekasilicon, and the element was discovered by Winkler in 1886.


Sources


The metal is found in

  • argyrodite, a sulfide of germanium and silver ;

  • germanite, which contains 8 percent of the element;

  • zinc ores;

  • coal; and

  • other minerals


The element is commercially obtained from the dusts of smelters processing zinc ores, as well as recovered from combustion by-products of certain coals. A large reserve of the elements for future uses in insured in coal sources.

Germanium can be separated from other metals by fractional distillation of its volatile tetrachloride. The techniques permit the production of germanium of ultra-high purity.


Properties


The element is a gray-white metalloid. In pure state, the element is crystalline and brittle, retaining its luster in air at room temperature. It is a very important semiconductor. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 1010.


Uses


When germanium is doped with arsenic , gallium , or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst.

Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors.

The high index of refraction and dispersion properties of its oxide's have made germanium useful as a component of wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives.

The field of organo-germanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Certain germanium compounds have a low mammalian toxicity, but a marked activity against certain bacteria, which makes them useful as chemotherapeutic agents.

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