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Chromium


Aluminium Alloy Sections in Russia  Aluminium alloy sections in Russia
Aluminium Scrap and the Scrap-Based Products Market Research in Russia  Aluminium scrap in Russia
Steel and Rolled Steel in Russia  Steel and rolled steel in Russia
Stainless sheet market research in Russia  Stainless sheet market in Russia
 
Rebar Market Research in Russia  Rebar market in Russia
Limestone and Lime market research in Russia  Limestone and lime market in Russia
Flat Cars Market Research in CIS  Flat cars market in CIS
Ferrochrome market research in the CIS  Ferrochrome market in CIS
Atomic symbol: Cr
Atomic number: 24
Atomic weight: 51.996
Atomic volume: 7.23 cm3/mol
Density: 7.19 g/cm3
Period Number: 4
Group number: 6
Group name: Trans. Met.
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 2130.2 K
Boiling point: 2963 K
Heat of fusion: 16.90 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 344.30 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 6.767 eV
1st ionization energy: 652.8 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1592 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2987.2 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.66
Electron affinity: 64.3 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.45 J/gK
Heat atomization: 397 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,13,1
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d5 4s1
Minimum oxidation number: -2
Maximum oxidation number: 6
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 6


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: bcc: body-centered cubic
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: 9 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: hard
Uses: CrO2 tape, paint, steel


Reactions


Reaction with air: none
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, CrCl3
Reaction with 15M HNO3: passivated
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 4
Oxide(s): Cr2O3 CrO2 CrO3+non-stoich
Hydride(s): CrH
Chloride(s): CrCl2 CrCl3


Radius


Atomic Radius: 128 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 90.5 pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 75.5 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 93.9 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 77.519 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 11.6 A^3


Abundance


Source: Chromite (oxide)
Relative abundance solar system: 4.130 log
Abundance earth's crust: 2 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1.02×102 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 3×10-4 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Gr. chroma: color) Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin, who prepared the metal in the following year, chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish.


Sources


The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, New Zealand, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum.


Compounds


All compounds of chromium are colored. The most important chromates are those of sodium and potassium, the dichromates, and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather.

Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum.


Uses


Chromium is used to harden steel, manufacture stainless steel, and form many useful alloys. It is mostly used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium gives glass an emerald green color and is widely used as a catalyst.

The refractory industry uses chromite for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure.

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