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Carbon


Aluminium Alloy Sections in Russia  Aluminium alloy sections in Russia
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Ferrochrome market research in the CIS  Ferrochrome market in CIS
Atomic symbol: C
Atomic number: 6
Atomic weight: 12.011
Atomic volume: 4.58 cm3/mol
Density: 2.62 g/cm3
Period Number: 2
Group number: 14
Group name: Non-Metal, Carbon group
Element classification: Non-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 3823.2 K
Boiling point: K
Heat of fusion: ?
Heat of vaporization: 355.80 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 11.260 eV
1st ionization energy: 1086.4 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 2352.6 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 4620.4 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.55
Electron affinity: 121.85 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.71 J/gK
Heat atomization: 717 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,4
Electron Shell Configuration: [He] 2s2 2p2
Minimum oxidation number: -4
Maximum oxidation number: 4
Minimum common oxidation number: -4
Maximum common oxidation no: 4


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: hexagonal layers
Color: black
Hardness: 0.8 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: 6 forms: graphite,diamond,buckminsterfullerene
Uses: fuel(coal), lubricant


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>CO2
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild,w/ht=>C6(COOH)6
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 3
Oxide(s): CO CO2
Hydride(s): CH2 and many C2H2
Chloride(s): CCl2


Radius


Atomic Radius: 77.2 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 1.59 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 0.727 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 1.8 A^3


Abundance


Source: Coal,Petroleum,Natural gas
Relative abundance solar system: 7.004 log
Abundance earth's crust: 2.3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 2.00×102 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 2.8×101 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Latin. carbo: charcoal) Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites.

Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite of ancient volcanic "pipes," found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically.

The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the well-known carbon-nitrogen cycle.


Compounds


In combination, carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of great rock masses in the form of carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons.

Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to another carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes.

Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives.


Forms


Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: graphite, diamond, and fullerines. A fourth form, known as "white" carbon, is now thought to exist. Ceraphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest.

Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 10000C.

In 1969 a new allotropic form of carbon was produced during the sublimation of pyrolytic graphite at low pressures. Under free-vaporization conditions above ~25500K, "white" carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of "white" carbon are identical to those of carbon form noted in the graphite gneiss from the Ries (meteroritic) Crater of Germany. "White" carbon is a transparent birefringent material. Little information is presently available about this allotrope.


Isotopes


Carbon has seven isotopes. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14, an isotope with a half-life of 5715 years, has been widely used to date such materials as wood, archaeological specimens, etc.

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